A Rejoinder to the Ethnic Democracy Essay

This paper aims to prepare four separated short summary and response papers for four different articles on Culturally Responsive Teaching. 2. Analysis and Discussion The following are the short summary and response to each of the given articles: 2. 1. Preparing For Culturally Responsive Teaching by Gay (2002) The article discusses how to improve the success of ethically diverse students via culturally responsive teaching. The article tells also about the success of same kind of students by preparing teachers in preservice programs with the needed knowledge attitudes and skills. The article also examines the five essential elements of cultural responsive teaching which include developing knowledge based about cultural diversity that includes ethnic and cultural diversity content curriculum, demonstration of caring, building learning communities, communicating with ethically diverse students and responding to diversity in the delivery of instruction. The article has further defined culturally responsive teaching to be using what are already possessed by ethnically diverse students (ETS) as conduits for them to learn more effectively. These possessions may include the experiences, characteristics and perspectives. The author has assumed that the lived experiences of students may sit well as frames of references. This would therefore make the learning more meaningful, would create more appeal in terms of higher interest and students could learn more easily and thoroughly. The author has also previous researches to prove the result of higher academic achievements of ETS if there previous experiences are used in teaching them. This concept of learning is consistent with principle in learning – that starting from what is known would more easily to learning what is unknown. Rather than starting from the unknown by using the experiences of other cultures, the use of the previous experiences has its basis in common sense. There is basis to agree with the author in discussing how to improve the success of ethically diverse students via culturally responsive teaching by her exposing the needed elements of the program. As in any other program there are criteria to evaluate it success. By exposing the needed five essential elements of cultural responsive teaching, there would be good bases for evaluation the eventual success or failure of the program in terms of compliance of the criteria. In terms of internal consistency among the five elements, there is no valid reason to disagree with author on the obvious simplicity and applicability of presentation. To illustrate one element this paper uses developing knowledge based about cultural diversity and ethnic and cultural diversity content curriculum. Knowledge on cultural diversity is a requirement since it would amount to knowing the premises in the syllogism by viewing the same under the principles of logic. The idea of teaching under multicultural program is the promotion of integration. How would it be possible to know what needs to be integration without knowing the differences of diversity of cultures among students under the program? Doing the same acquisition of knowledge from diversity as part of the premises is also with the definition of the author on what is culturally responsive teaching which is using what are already possessed by ethnically diverse students as ways s for them to learn more successfully. Surely it would be easier to extract from students with their experiences, characteristics and perspectives which would be used as frames for reference. The author may have assumed rightly that doing so would give more meaning to student and could be more motivated to undergo the program. There is also basis to agree with author’s conclusion that culture has great influence on attitudes, values and behaviors that participants will bring in the process. It is the use of frame of reference that would also afford solution to problems in the future in the same way that will help them understand that what will eventually happen is a function what has happened already. 2. 2 Spirituality, Cultural identity, and Epistemology in Culturally Responsive Teaching in Higher Education, Multicultural Perspective, 8(3), pp 19-25 by Tisdell (2006) The article gives it focus in the connection of spirituality and cultural identity in relation to culturally responsive teachers under the higher education. It looks at the philosophical theory of knowledge which takes the position that research and teaching partakes of the natures of both intellectual and spiritual realms. Transforming the students is the aim under the multicultural teaching and to accomplish the same it should allow learners to explore and reclaim their own cultural identities. To reach this end, spirituality is appropriate in unlocking the cultural imagination and creativity of the students under the program. The profession or process of teaching for multicultural awareness described by author is to be for social justice and one that involves a complex process. It is also described as controversial, rewarding and intellectually stimulating. For a big number of teachers under the program including the author, teaching the student is a â€Å"work of passion† which forms part of life’s reason in creating greater social equity that would remind the teachers about being true to themselves who are also wrestling with their very own cultural identity in the same way that other authors taking part of the teaching under the program consists in making students grapple also with their cultural identity. It is therefore the act of reclaiming which involves a choice that makes the process of teaching considered both intellectually and spiritually. The author found that there is indeed connection of spirituality and cultural identity if the learners are assisted to engage on different levels of human experience. These levels of experience of course include the personal level, the cultural level, structural level, political level and the artistic levels done by cultural imagination. By so doing the chance that the education process will bring in the need transformative change is greater not only for learners but even for educators. Diversity in cultures could explain how groups of people differ in their behaviour and their values and hence many conflicts could actually be arising from diversity of cultures. To attempt therefore to bring commonality in diversity is a serious job that would require too much creativity and patience. Fortunately, human beings are thinking beings whose lives had with them spiritual dimensions which allow them to go beyond that legal or what is readily to be in conflict. No wonder teachers are actually also grappling with the cultural identify along the process of their teaching. What must be needed to reconcile things is deep sense of spirituality or an attitude of looking beyond what seems to irreconcilable. By injecting spiritual dimensions in the teaching of diversity of culture, there is strong basis to agree with the author that it could be transformative for the participants not only to the students but also the teacher. The teachers must be persons with deep sense of love for seeing beauty in diversity. Detach spirituality from man and his capacity to reconcile difficult issues is detached. Applying and taking advantage therefore of the power of spirituality to reconcile conflicting issues is a power within the capacity of man to reach and benefit from. The issue of diversity of culture has been accepted by many people and the effects of living together has produced many conceived possibilities which are worth learning and educators may amply make use of their capacity of spirituality to reach great heights. . 2. 3. Preparing Culturally Responsive Teachers, Rethinking The Curriculum, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 53, No. 1, January/February, 20-32 by Villegas and Lucas (2002), The article emphasizes the need to for teachers in articulating a vision of the reality of teaching and learning in a diverse society if the field of teacher education is to become successful. With that vision, the teachers would have to be guided in injecting multicultural issues while for the duration of the preservice curriculum. The vision of culturally responsive teachers will be socio-culturally conscious and will be affirming students’ different perspective from various backgrounds. Under the same vision, the teacher will take responsible and enabled to bring change for purpose of making schools more equitable and they also understand how knowledge are constructed with the view of further promoting knowledge construction. In addition the vision must allow the teachers to know about the lives of their students and that these teachers could continue designing instruction that edifies and improves from what the students already known or have built upon. The authors took the position that the preparation of teachers in a multicultural, the people who are given the tasks of helping these teachers must first set the direction by articulating a vision of diverse society where there is teaching and learning that are happening in the process. This vision is believed to make it conceptually coherent if these teachers are to be prepared for diversity. The author had in effect articulated a proposed vision which is characterized by six salient features as explained earlier. This vision will serve as framework to infuse and call attention to diversity while the teachers are involved in the educational curriculum prepared for the purpose. The elements of the vision will feed into the minds of the pre service teachers while undergoing the learning experiences. Together in fieldwork as well as in coursework the teachers will collectively cultivate the sublime characteristic of culturally responsive teachers. The authors of this article do not want their proposal be prescriptive. They proposed a need for dialogue to develop a group vision of teaching and learning in a multicultural society. They proposed a need to look at and evaluate and revise if necessary the present curriculum in a consonance with the collective vision that may be agreed upon. They also admit to the requirement to invest time in making coordination for the envisioned responsive teaching qualities to what can be found in the courses that they teach and field experiences that they offer. They admit the need to have professional development that will help them to model the responsive teaching qualities as would be found in the revised curriculum. They are in a sense saying the vision articulation which they propose to be collectively done will just constitute the start of the process in the long journey of educating under the multicultural program where students belong to diverse cultural backgrounds. . The first step if successful will therefore lead into integrating the vision in the education curriculum of the teachers and improving the capabilities to implement the said revised curriculum. This will also lead to more collaboration among teachers and administrators of the multicultural program. The authors are in effect making suggestions that would simplify the rather difficult task into manageable ones formidable task. However the suggested cannot be considered to be very easy as viewed by the authors since the framework that they are proposing will still require negotiation with present social and political structures and contexts. 2. 4. Learning Who We (and They) Are: Popular Culture as Pedagogy by Guy (2007) The article aims to discuss the popular culture becoming a major educational project, or the means through which people learn. The author also recommended that population culture is capable of being used in learning race, class or gender issues. He asserted that population culture can power shape people and be used to challenge structured inequalities and social injustices. He also argued that those educating the adults via pop culture can be an effective way of educational strategies by asserting critical position toward population culture. Population culture or pop culture is defined as â€Å"culture of the masses† as distinguished from higher culture. The author started his article by reflecting on the meaning of education as forwarded by Benjamin Mays, a well known teacher and college president in Atlanta. He particularly used May’s statement about man’s having to live his dreams, his ideals and what he aspires to be. In other words, according to Mays, living not by bread alone or taking inspiration from one’s spiritual life is very much important. It is therefore in the attainment of self knowledge and understanding one’s life purpose where one discovers the vital goal of education. Yet, the high-technology world has answered critical or important questions of using population culture as a means via the mass media. The author has seen how population culture was used in advertising and the fact that it is used is uncontrollable already in the lives of many people, has recommended therefore the use of the same in learning culture or issues of race, class or gender. He cited authors arguing that media has shaped people’s ideas about race through cultural production of meaning. He cited abundant pieces evidence of how social cultures are made again using media. He therefore cited other author’s work producing evidence of cultural meanings delivered through cinema, music, video, TV, radio and Video. It could be therefore easy to agree with the points raised by the author considering that the issue of population culture is easily accessible to many. There is such a thing what is desired by great number of people or what is popular has an effect of influencing attitudes. The author therefore emphasized the important role player of population culture in teaching students. He however warned of multiple interpretations of meanings that producers, consumers, educators of adult and adult learners take. To accomplish the goals of teaching, he recommended the employing activities and strategies as used in this article. As an example, when confronted with multiple interpretations of meanings conveyed by pop culture in race, gender and class, he advocates an attitude of developing a critical analysis and awareness of the ways that attitudes or behaviours may be constrained, controlled or on the other hand, liberated, created and expanded In whatever ways the population culture may be taken a strategy to teach issues on gender, class and race, the author emphasized about the importance of the goal which should establish imaginative and nourishing relationships with other people while encouraging them to live harmoniously and cooperatively. It is by this context that the author drives May’s statement that human has to live in accordance with ideas and unattainable goals. On the principle that the world has become a great nations of democracies which gives the power to the influence of many, it will not be hard to agree as well with the author that the use of pop culture to effect changes in attitudes and values of people through education is an ideal that is easy to accept as what the authors argues about in this paper. References: Gay (2002), Preparing For Culturally Responsive Teaching, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 53, No. 2, March/April, pp. 106-116 Guy (2007), Learning Who We (and They) Are: Popular Culture as Pedagogy, New Direc1ions For Adult and Continuing Education, no. 115 Tisdell (2006), Spirituality, Cultural identity, and Epistemology in Culturally Responsive Teaching in Higher Education, Multicultural Perspective, 8(3), pp 19-25 Villegas and Lucas (2002), Preparing Culturally Responsive Teachers Rethinking The Curriculum, Journal of Teacher Education, Vol. 53, No. 1, January/February, 20-32

Good and bad. Mobile phone Essay

Handphones have become a major part of our lives. Today, it is being widely used all over the world. Most of us, that is. It has metamorphosized from being a luxury to necessity for some of us. Handphones are one of the things that we cannot do without, for one reason or another. We have come to depend on it, increasingly so, and in doing so it has become a need. Having handphones can prove to be very useful but it can also be said otherwise. There are both advantages and disadvantages to owning a handphone or being in the midst of people who own them. Owning a handphone means one can be easily reached when on the road or when one is not at home or in the office. It can even be used when one is overseas, using the ROAM service. There are features such as voice messages and SMS, in other words, Short Message Service. This is to allow people to contact a handphone owner even if he is busy or is unable take the call. These features enable the owner of the phone to know why he is being called, so on and so forth. SMS-es help to keep it short. Without calling, you can leave a short message. Nowadays though, people use it to have conversations, especially the young, and those who find it easier to message than to talk. It is also cheaper and thus allows one to save on talk time. Another advantage would be that of being able to call whenever and wherever there is an emergency, for example when you are in a road accident or you need to call someone and there does not seem to be any public phones nearby. There are also different mobile service plans to choose from to suit one’s communication needs, be it longer talk time, free incoming or outgoing calls, or more free local SMS. As such, one can reap much benefits and save costs. Nowadays, handphones rarely just have one function, which is to make and receive calls. There are more functions and features such as listening to music, taking pictures with an in-built camera, playing games, and even logging on the internet and etc. There are also disadvantages that come along with the usage of handphones. Firstly, there are limitations to where a handphone can be used. If there were no reception, then there would be no possibility of making or receiving calls. On another note, a person can say he is at a certain place when in fact he s somewhere else. So, you can never be too sure of where a person  might actually be. User-abuse is another factor. Here, what is meant by user-abuse is the fact that some users are not considerate in that they make use of the phone in places where it is not allowed. As such they disturb others. It is one thing to let it ring loudly, but yet another, to be answering the phone. For example, in movie theatres, plays and the like. It is said that there are dangers of handphone radiation, though there is no conclusive evidence to prove a link between cancer and handphone radiation. Lastly, handphones cannot be used in most parts of hospitals as it could affect the readings on the equipments due to the radiation emitted and would pose as great danger to the patients.

A Study About Archimedes History Essay

A Study About Archimedes History Essay Archimedes, also known as Archimedes of Syracuse was born in Syracuse, Sicily in 287 BC. The exact date of his birth is not known, but the commonly accepted date of 287 BC derives from a statement given by 12th century historian John Tzetzes in that Archimedes had lived for 75 years. Sadly like his exact date of birth, the exact details of the life of Archemides have been lost to history. In one of Archimedes works entitled The Sand Reckoner, he gives his father’s name as Phidias and says he was an astronomer. Other than this one account, nothing more is definitively known about his parents or family history. The Greek historian and biographer Plutarch claimed Archimedes was related to the ruler of Syracuse, King Hiero II, in his work Parallel Lives, though whether this is accurate has never been substantiated. History lost what could have been the greatest chance to know the definitive history of Archimedes when a biography of Archimedes written by one of his friend was los t to history like so much else relating to Archimedes life, leaving historian to have to piece together Archimedes life from what little accounts survived. Simple things like whether Archimedes ever married or had children may never been known. It is believed that Archimedes may have studied in Alexandria, Egypt in his youth, where he would have been contemporaries with the likes of Greek astronomer and mathematicians Conon of Samos and Eratosthenes of Cyrene. This conclusion is reached from Archimedes himself referring to Conon of Samos as his friend, and two of his works having had introductions addressed to Eratosthenes. Archimedes died 212BC when Roman forces captured the city of Syracuse during the Second Punic War. Like nearly everything else about Archimedes life, the exact circumstances of his death are not known for sure. The Greek historian Plutarch presented three different accounts of Archimedess final moments. In one version Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured. Archimedes was commanded by a Roman soldier to come and meet the general of the Roman forces but Archimedes declined, saying that he couldnt leave until he had finished his work. The soldier was so enraged by his refusal that he slew Archimedes with his sword. In another version the Roman soldier had intended to kill Archimedes, and despite Archimedes plea to him to allow him to finish what he was working on so as to not leave his work eternally incomplete, the soldier kills him anyway. In yet a third account by Plutarch, Archimedes was carrying mathematical instruments, and was killed by the Roman soldier because he thought that they were gold. The general of the Roman army was reportedly greatly angered by the news of Archimedes death, as he considered him to have been a valuable scientific asset. Archimedes was laid to rest in a tomb with a sculpture of a sphere and a cylinder of the same height and diameter, an illustration of his mathematical proof that the volume and surface area of the sphere are two thirds that of the cylinder including its bases.

Examining the alleged barriers to acceptance of credit cards Essay

Examining the alleged barriers to acceptance of credit cards - Essay Example However, in order to understand whether this is accurate, one must examine the characteristics of the cash-carry banking culture and also investigate how consumers determine risk in this area. It is somewhat of a bold statement to contribute the aforementioned factors as being legitimate barriers to credit card acceptance. Why is this? Schmith (2008) provides statistics of the explosive growth in credit card penetration across the world. In some countries, credit card usage has outpaced total national growth (i.e. GDP) and the trend in consumer credit card usage continues to escalate significantly (Schmith 2008). There is more evidence, rather, that disruptive innovations in the market place, such as mobile payment systems, are providing a new incentive for consumers to reject credit cards in favour of more modern technologies associated with payment and banking. A disruptive innovation is one defined as a product or service capable of supplanting or transforming an established marke t (Christensen and Raynor 2003). Hence, evolutions in payment systems, such as electronic banking or mobile banking, are transforming available options, making switching costs very low for consumers to select alternatives to credit cards. Do, then, risk perception and cultural characteristics of the cash-carry banking culture actually serve as barriers to credit card adoption? Research indicates that there are far too many explanatory factors for why consumers might reject acceptance of credit cards that are aligned with specific market beliefs and market needs. These factors include the appropriate design of advertising communications by a marketing business, competition...This is aligned properly with many consumer behavioural models that illustrate the processes of selection, organisation and interpretation that involves much psycho-social influence both inherent and stemming from the external environment. Thus, particular segments that do see risk associated with involvement in credit cards, either social, economic, or perhaps privacy related would have different motives from other markets that find trust and reliability in the rather mature credit card industry. The cash and carry consumer, one that values traditionalism in the financial services industry, might be adaptable to accepting credit cards if their evaluative criteria finds an appropriate match with the messages and other related stimuli provided by marketing entities. At least theory would seem to dictate this, but again without knowing exacting market characteristics, a well-justified hypothesis would be difficult to produce. However, there is ample evidence that credit card usage continues to explode and research did not uncover any legitimised data that cash and carry cultures and risk establish barriers to credit card adoption.

Commercial and Investment Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Commercial and Investment Banking - Essay Example Lending relationships, particularly those that are long-term associations make it simpler for small sized organizations to have access to outside funds. Owing to the risky nature of the small firms, it becomes very difficult for them to borrow funds if they lack lending relationships with banks. However, such kind of organizations predictably attempts to get access to further diversified sources of funds, after they have formed long-term lending associations with banks. Thus, it can be stated that the organization’s preceding lending association with a bank enables it to gain admission to the public securities market. Furthermore, the association of the organization with a bank persists to play a crucial role even when the organization is capable of issuing public securities. Nonetheless, when an organization diversifies its sources of funds, it has to face certain consequential drawbacks. The funding diversification restricts the bank’s readiness to assist the organiza tion when it faces financial distress. This restriction in the bank’s flexibility is true even when the organization had taken up only diminutive values of public debt. In spite of everything, it can be conclusively stated that a good lending relationship with a bank augments the probability of fruitful negotiation when an organization encounters financial difficulties (Berlin, 1996). Answer 2 a) Kwan (2004) defines a large bank merger as the amalgamation of the operations of two banks, which are huge in size and the merger provides a large geographic scope to the subsequently merged institute. In the recent years, the large bank mergers have been an indication of the process for creating an extensive nationwide banking franchise. b) The regulatory modifications in the 1990’s have created immense opportunities for the banks to pursue the overseas economies. The banks have benefitted in terms of economies of scale as well as scope. Mergers have enabled the banks to prov ide the number of products and services and as a result, the unit price of production has reduced. Additionally, the expansion had created a circumstance where the shared expenses of providing two corresponding services are not more than the joint expenses of providing the two services separately. c) It is believed that mergers can increase the bank’s capability to diversify risk. Prior studies have implied that geographic spreading out would offer diversification advantages to a banking organization. This can be accomplished in the form decreased portfolio risk on the asset side, in addition to a decline in the funding risk on the liability side. Banks are likely to attain these benefits as it spreads funding actions over a wider geographic region. Furthermore, studies have also indicated that product extension could result in diversification benefits. The benefits would be more distinguished amid the banking as well as the securities activities, while it would be less promi nent in the activities between banking and insurance (Kwan & Laderman, 1999).

Human resources manangement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resources manangement - Essay Example The advantage of using internal applicants in filling vacant positions is in regard to the motivation factor. Employees feel motivated when they are rewarded for good performance by being promoted to higher positions. Any organization that cannot be able to engage in employee advancement and promotion opportunities is likely to experience job dissatisfaction among the employees (Courtney, 1997: 126). Internal recruitment also provides the managers with the opportunity to use HR data that is available and maintained in the organization. An analysis of the employee performance is important in the recruitment process. This ensures that the organization is able to guess the competency of the employee (Schermerhorn, 2009: 78). Promotions within organizations lead to vacant positions that should be filled by other employees. The chain effect on promotion means that every time an employee is promoted, two or more positions will need to be filed. Internal promotions help to motivate employees since every promotion positively affects several employees within the organization (Schermerhorn, 2009: 78). Promotion of employees in the organization ensures that entry level vacancies are filled by external job applicants. The benefit of this approach is that no company is able to experiment unknown individuals in high risk employment positions. Further, employees have the chance to prove their ability in lower-level position first (Schermerhorn, 2009: 78). Bidding and job posting are the most common used methods of recruiting employees internally. Bidding occurs when qualified employees have been notified of the vacancy. They are then notified to bid for the vacancy if they want to be considered for the post. In bidding, the employee with the most seniority gets the job (Walsh, 2012: 52). Job posting involves the use of traditional bulletin boards, computer email based systems and telephone voicemail based systems. Computer email based systems and telephone voicemail

Strategy and strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategy and strategic management - Essay Example After developing plans, they provide resources that facilitate the implementation of policies and after a specified time, they evaluate whether the goals have been accomplished. Mission statements help managers to set the company direction. Various theories have been put forward by scholars regarding what strategic management entails. The most common is the ten schools of thought developed by Mintzberg. He classifies strategy into three categories namely; prescriptive, descriptive and configuration (Mintzberg, 1990). This theory helps to interpret the process of strategic planning and be able to plan even when there is change in environment as a result of internal or external factors. This paper is a critique of the concept of strategy, the strategy process and how it can be drawn upon and used by contemporary built environment organizations within current climate. Strategy is a plan of action directed towards achieving an organization’s goals and objectives. Managers set the organizational strategies and goals and also device ways of achieving them. Different managers use different approaches to strategize and Mintzberg categorizes them into ten schools for better understanding and thereafter classifies them into three broad categories depending on their purpose. They include; prescriptive, descriptive and configurative (Whittington, 2000). These involve designing, analysis and positioning for the future. The design school of thought is concerned with ways of developing strategies. The manager evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the organization against the opportunities and threats which are external. Based on the result, the manager is able to formulate a strategy which addresses the shortcomings and tries to maintain a balance between the two. The organizational strategy does not have to be complicated and can be understood and implemented by all staff members while on the other hand, it is static and hence not suitable since

HR Law and Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HR Law and Business - Essay Example An employer may not include preferences on age, limitations or specifications on age when making an advertisement for any job opening unless there is an express provision for age for the particular job under the bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) principle.1 Therefore, the claim by Latino Lawrence High School that they were looking for â€Å"energetic† and â€Å"flexible† is discriminatory in nature and the school can be reported to law enforcement authorities. Rose Flanagan can report Latino Lawrence High School to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) for investigations into her claim of discrimination based on age at the work place. At the EEOC, she must show intent of the employer to discriminate against her based on age at the work place or that the employer has on previous occasions discriminated against others based on age (Miller and Jentz, 2013). Once it is proven that she was wrongfully denied the job position due to discrimination against her age, Rose may be entitled to certain remedies against the employer. If she succeeds, she will be entitled to such remedies like back pay or front pay, hiring, promotion or reinstatement. In her present case, the most probable remedy would be to be hired as she was the most qualified amongst the applicants to the job. Moreover, in certain instances may be entitled to liquidated damages if it can be proven that Latino Lawrence High School willfully violated the provisions of ADEA or acted in a reckless manner in total disregard of the law. In the present instance, Rose who was more qualified will can report Latino Lawrence High School at the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission (EEOC) and obtain the remedies aforementioned. In the United States, it is illegal to discriminate against a person at the work place based on their sexual orientation whether homosexual or heterosexual. Therefore, the claim by Down Home Restaurant that they only employ those who demonstrate

Reflecting upon the different models of the criminal justice system we Essay

Reflecting upon the different models of the criminal justice system we have studied, critically assess which you would most like - Essay Example Later on, the Judicature Act of 1873 was passed and the Criminal Appeal Act of 1907. Due process model According to Sanders, Young and Burton the English criminal system just like the American one, emphasizes on adversarial procedures and due process safeguards. The relevance of the due process in the English law is advised by the fact witnesses could be biased or the police force may interfere with the whole process. By insisting on a formal adjudicative process, the accused are able to get justice and beside, the entire process prevents the miscarriage of justice as an end to itself. In addition the due process discourages the law enforcement agencies from abusing power and breaking rules, while encouraging the primacy of the individual citizen. The role of the police in the criminal justice system is very constrained. As Wells and Quick (2010) observe in Wales and England, police can go as far taking an inquisitorial role but cannot force citizens to produce testimony against thei r will. The due process starts once an adversarial relationship has been formed or after becomes a suspect. In all fairness once can see that the role of the police is very limited in English and Wales criminal system. ... k (2010) the due process model as practiced in England and Wales, involves the use of procedural and evidentiary rules in order to avoid to prevent miscarriages of justice to the accused. Wells and Quick (2010) liken the due process model to an assembly line or an obstacle course designed to prevent the accused from progressing through the criminal process. The need for incorporation of the due process in the English and Wales criminal system is characterized by the elements of miscarriage of justice and observance of human rights. Another core element of the system is presumption of innocence doctrine, which is prescribed to by many other judicial systems all over the world. Presumption of innocence doctrine This is a core tenet in the criminal justice system, and is equally appreciated in the European Convention on Human Rights. The presumption of the innocence doctrine further suggests that the onus lies on the prosecution to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond reasonable do ubt. According to Wells and Quick (2010) by forcing the prosecution to prove its case against the accused in an adjudicative context, the accused acquires an enhanced opportunity to secure a favourable outcome. Shift from the due process system to the control system However, in the face of the increasing terrorist activities, and transnational crimes, the English government is under increasing pressure to adopt the crime control approach. At the same time, the English system is under pressure to initiate an appropriate legal framework to support the law enforcement agencies to control the levels of crime being experienced. The crime control model as suggested by Sanders, Young and Burton (2010) is based on the proposition that the repression of the criminal conduct is the main role of the

Hedging An Equity Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hedging An Equity Portfolio - Essay Example 7 Reference: 9 1.0 Introduction A US equity fund manager holds â‚ ¬100m in a portfolio comprising the largest US stocks which perfectly replicates and benchmarks the S&P 500 index. The US Federal Reserve indicated that the programmed quantitative easing of purchasing $85 billion is not going to be carried out. The quantitative easing is used to stimulate the price when the corresponding interest rate decreases to 0%. The non execution of the quantitative easing is set to correct the equity market. The fund manager predicts that the reluctance of the US Federal Reserve to perform a quantitative easing is going have a profound effect on the performance of the portfolio. For this reason the fund manager as such wants to hedge the portfolio using option instead of futures. 2.0 Advantages and disadvantages of using options to hedge this scenario compared to using futures only Fund managers use both futures and options to order to hedge their portfolio. Though there are some marked diff erences in the two types of hedging tools. The choices of the hedging tools depend on the fund manager as well as the objective to hedge. In the present scenario, the fund manager has decided to use the options instead of futures (Reilly and Brown, 2000). This is because of the reason that the options provide certain leverage in comparison to futures. The most basic advantage is that an option gives the option holder the right and not an obligation. In case of the futures both the parties have equal obligations. The second advantage is that the amount of loss is limited to the buyer of option while in futures the losses can be unlimited. Option and future both provides same opportunity to the holder to minimize loss and at same time make profit. The US Federal Reserve has decided to stop quantitative easing. The quantitative easing techniques are supposed to create a stimulant which helps to ease the pressure on prices of funds. The price decreases when the interest falls or drops s harply. The sharp drop of interest is associated with a corresponding decrease in the price level. This means if the fund manager wants to invest in various funds, then the increase in the price of the various funds will limit the ability of the fund manager to invest effectively (Hearth and Zaima, 1998). The fund manager is not sure what will happen in the future but the non execution of the quantitative easing program indicates that the fund manager can only invest in limited fund with the present value of the equity portfolio, since the price of the funds have increased. If the fund manager anticipates that the share price will increase then he can buy a future. The sudden growth in the share price of equity may not find enough buyers. The problem with buying a future contract is that if the price of the funds drop then the fund manager is obliged to sell the future at the decreased price. So the future holder is in a risk, if the anticipated increase in price does not take place and instead of that the price actually decreases. So on one hand there is chance to make profit while on the other hand there is chance to incur loss. There are no restrictions to the limit of profit or loss. This is one of the greatest disadvantages of using the future contract. The advantage of the options with respect to future can be explained with the help of an example. As already explained the find manager is anticipating in increase in the p

Advantages and Disadvantages of Television Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Television Essay In today modern world television is the most popular and recognized from of media and most homes in the western and developed worlds own one. That small (in some cases rather large) box sitting in your lounge is your connection to the outside world. It is an indispensable item and many of us cannot imagine life without it. As with everything there are advantages and disadvantages with the television. The main advantage is televisions ability to bring you news as it happens. A second advantage is the fact we are using more than one sense when viewing. The final advantage in this essay is the vast amount of information and documentaries available for viewing. However the first disadvantage is the amount of time spent watching television is often considered a waste of time. The second disadvantage is the fact that families may be in the same room but with the television on may not even acknowledge each other. The final disadvantage illustrated in this essay is that young children are often being exposed to sex scenes and scenes of violence. Read more: Television advantages and disadvantages essay Firstly, for many of us the television is our first or only source of news and current events. Most channels have news updates up to four times a day and current affairs programmes which take a deeper look at the news that has affected the world that day or week. Theses programmes are often family friendly and are sometimes the only form of media available or easy to understand for children or non-speakers of English. These news shows keep people up to date on the outside world it is possible to know everything that happened in a day without even going outside. However these news shows can try and monopolize peoples opinions and be a bias to one political party or one side of a war. Secondly, what many of us do not realise is that we use at least two senses to enjoy television. We use our eyes to watch the television screen and the visual on the screen. We also use our ears or hearing to listen to the dialogue and noises on the screen. Compared to other forms of media which usually involve only one sense e.g. the radio only requires the hearing sense and a book only requires sight. Even though the television lets us see and hear things it can cause eyesight problems and many people turn there televisions up which can cause hearing problems. The final advantage is the vast amount of educational programming available for viewing particularly on channels like the discovery channel and national geographic which can educate and stimulate people and wet every audience members appetite. It is also the fastest way to improve your knowledge and help you learn something completely new. Where else can you learn about Marylyn Monroe and Winston Churchill in the same afternoon? Many people who cannot afford university or night courses or simply just want a basic knowledge of one particular subject or event. Use documentaries to quench their thirst for learning. The first disadvantage is that many people do not realise how much time they spend watching television if you spend one hour a day watching television. That is 365 hours a year and 3607 hours in ten years. You can only imagine what you could do with that time, it is possible to learn a language or do a university course. Many value their television shows over exercise or physical activity which can lead to obesity and couch potato. Many people also feel the desire to watch a favourite television show every day or every week and neglect social commitments and therefore becoming anti-social. A second disadvantage is that many people neglect their families so they can watch television. A family may be in the same room but would not say a word to each other or acknowledge each other. Many families now also eat dinner in front of the television which means normal dinner table conversation is lost. Most large families also have multiple televisions so that each member can watch the programme they would like to watch this means that some families may spend less than an hour in each others company before going to bed. A final disadvantage of watching television is the violence and sex scenes that young children are often exposed too. Many of us find shows with crime or violence entertaining but these are not suitable for children of young ages. These scenes are practically common on crime dramas. Children may not intentionally be being exposed but by simply being in or near the same room as an older child or adult watching the programme. With children being exposed to these scenes it can corrupt there innocent minds leading them in some extreme cases become violent to other children. It can also lead to more permanent problems such as violence or evil thoughts well into adulthood. Fortunately this can be easily avoided or reversed by not allowing young children to view these programmes by placing them in a different room from the television or sending them to bed. In conclusion television is perhaps the worlds greatest invention though it is possible it will one day be replaced by something resembling a computer it is still indispensable devise that takes up our time to exercise or our family time it can also have scenes that corrupt young minds. As Winston Churchill once said the best things are either immoral or bad for you television is best in moderation. So next time youre bored dont turn on the television go out and play some sport. in todays modern world. Television however has advantages and disadvantages as illustrated in this essay. It can be an educational, multi-sensory communication

Security and discipline Essay Example for Free

Security and discipline Essay Discipline normalizes; it fixes the process of training and permanent control. An optimal model will be the one that gives a certain result. Disciplinary normalization consists in trying to get people and their actions to conform this model and norm. Example of smallpox: they developed a mechanism of security with a double integration: rationalization of chance and probabilities. On typical practices of security we see a number of elements emerging that are absolutely important for later extension of apparatuses of security: 1) practice of inoculation: supervision of those inoculated: observing the risks of dying from inoculation or from smallpox. Here appears in the text the term on â€Å"prevailing disease† which is a kind of disease that unites a country or climate. Integrating individual phenomena within a collective field 2) the disease is accessible to a group, it is then accessible to individuals 3) risk is not the same for all individuals, of all ages, or conditions CRISIS: phenomena of sudden worsening and increase of the disease. The phenomenom of sudden, circular bolting that can only be checked either by a higher natural mechanism or by and artificial mechanism. The apparatus that appears with variolisation vaccination consists not in the division of those who are sick and those who are not. It identifies the coefficient of probable morbidity, the normal expectation of population of being affected by the disease. Foucault thinks we have a system exatly the opposite to the one we have seen with the disciplines. In the disciplenes one started from a norm. Here we have a plotting of the normal and the abnormal, of different curves od normality, and the operation of normality consists in stablishing an interplay between different distributions of normality. Points out the problem of contagion. AS A CONCLUSION: Foucault thinks that the integration of the town within central mechanisms of power, or better, the inversion that made the town the primary problem, even before the problem of the territory, is a phenomenom, a reversal, typical of what took place between the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century. It was a problem to which it really was necessary to respond with new mechanisms of power whose form in no doubt found is what he calls mecanisms of security. Another problem for him is: circulation, exchange and contact. He links this to the idea of sovereignty. SOOO.. the mechanism of security does nt function on the axis of the sovereign subjects relationship, ensuring the total and as it were passive obedicence of individuals to their sovereign. In the following pages the author says that population can only be the basis of the state’s wealth and power if it its framed by a regulatory apparatus. Here appears the term of desire: every individual has one. The sovereign is the person who can say no ti an individuals desire, the problem is how to legitimize this â€Å"no† opposed to individuals desire and found it on the will of these same individuals.

Social movements and public opinion on gender issues

Social movements and public opinion on gender issues Social movements are loosely formed groupings of individuals which are usually formed with the aim of campaigning for or against the implementation of a certain issue in the society. Social movements do not have standard sizes because some may be made up of few individuals while others may cover even the whole part of the world. The size of the movement generally depends on the issues that are being debated at the time of its formation. Such movements are generally governed by the spontaneous coming together of people guided by no rules of regulations but rather by the common cause that brings the together (Saunders Walter, 2005). Some of the hottest topics that mostly capture the agendas of most western social movements include freedom of expressions, economic independence, and gender equality among others. The purpose of this study is to identify social movements that address issues related to gender and how such movements have affected gender. This will be possible by analyzing t he political environment that led to the existence of the social movements being discussed. The study will also seek to identify some of the impacts that the movements have head in the society at large (Love, 2006). Womens Suffrage, Ecofeminism and Womens liberations movements are some of the social movements identified in this study that have some effect on gender issues and how the society addresses issues related to women. Womens suffrage for instance is a social movements formed in the early 18th century to advocate for women to vote and run for public offices. This social movement has its basis on the era in which women were discriminated and considered to be too weak to hold any public office with diligence (Chapman, 2009). Such a movement called for the reformation of the economic and political spheres so that women could have equal competing field with men. Additionally, the movement also articulated for the honoring of women by being given equal rights as men in the ownership of property, payment of tax among other rights. Evidence point out that New Zealand became the first nation to vote for a woman to hold public office as a result of this social movement (Saunders Walter, 2005). The existence of the Womens Suffrage as a social movement clearly points out the nature of the political environment at those times to have been discriminative against women. Women were generally not allowed not to hold any public office and they had no right to own property. Generally, women were treated as if they did not have any say regarding their rights. However, the emergence of this movement drastically changed the perspective of the society towards women (Saunders Walter, 2005). The fact that women became part of leaders and held public offices is a clear indication that the social movement had a positive effect on the society because they ended up accepting the facts given by the social movement. The change also had the effect of changing the political structures of nations that accepted the calls made by the social movement. Ecofeminism is another social movement that has been shown to have a significant impact on the society. This movement indicates that there exists a commonality between environmentalism and being a woman. According to the proponents of this movement, there is a relationship between the way women are oppressed in the society and the destruction of nature through the creation of concepts that may indicate how inferior women are inferior to men (Chapman, 2009). This social movement explores or existed in a society that believed that men are always superior over women. Such a political environment is seen to have perpetuated social inequalities like racism among others. The brainchild of this movement was driven by the fact that the same intellect that promotes the destruction of the environment. The existence of ecofeminism describes the political environment in twofold. Women were being oppressed and discriminated in all manners possible. It also shows that there was environmental degradation that would ultimately threaten human existence. The coming of this social movement changed the societys perspective by improving the interrelationships between human beings. Additionally, the movement is seen as one of the factors that led to the extinction of discrimination on the basis of gender. Consciousness about caring for the environment also developed due to the coming up of the social movement (Love, 2006). Womens liberation movement is another social movement distinct from the feminism or ecofeminism which began to develop in the early 1960s. The social movement was formed to fight for all the possible women rights that may have been violated at the time of its formation. The movement was strengthened through the formation of two bodies in the United States. The National Organization of Women and Equal Rights Amendment were formed with the aim championing for the honoring of the rights of women. The political environment during the formation of the social movement clearly indicates how the rights of women we not being respected (Chapman, 2009). However, the existence of this social movement is seen to have changed the perspective of the society regarding the ways in which they could be able to treat women equally as men. This may have been the reason that led to the formation of the two bodies to oversee the fact that the rights of women were respected. Social movements are important bodies of the society because they address issues that dealt unfairly in the society. The ones related to gender are seen to champion for the respect of the rights of women in a society and a political environment that despises them (Love, 2006). The social movements identified in this study are seen to have facilitated the eradication of vices like racial and gender discrimination among others. The nature of the political environment is seen to facilitate the formation of a social movement in the sense that whenever the rights of a particular groups are infringed, the afflicted groups may be forced to from a movement that will champion for the ir rights (Saunders Walter, 2005).

Witch of blackbird pond Essay -- essays research papers

The name of the book that I read was â€Å"The Witch of Blackbird Pond† By, Elizabeth George Speare. The book took place in the year of 1687. Some of the book takes place on a boat called the â€Å"Dolphin,† and then the rest of the book in Wethersfield, in the state of Connecticut. The main characters in the book are Katherine Tyler (her nickname was Kit), Nat Eaton, Uncle Matthew, Aunt Rachel, Hannah Tupper, Kit’s cousins Mercy, and Judith, Prudence, Hannah Tupper, John Holbrook, Goodwife Cruff and Goodman Cruff. One of the problems in the beginning of the book is when she goes to her cousin’s house and was adapting to their way of life; for instance when she got there, they all did not have good clothes and she had really fancy clothes that they would have never worn in their life because they were too expensive. Another problem that she encountered was that she met a lady named Hannah Tupper that lived near Blackbird Pond and she was a Quaker. That’s why she was forced to live there, because no one liked her and she was al so accused of being a witch. Kit made friends with her when she bumped into her in the meadow. This jeopardized her life and that was a problem. She helped Prudence read and write and that was a little risky too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I mostly identify with the main character kit. I mostly identify with her because she likes to try new things and I like to try new things also. I also identify with her because she likes to explore new places, for instan...

Between 1995 and 1997 the effective exchange rate of the pound sterling :: Economics

Between 1995 and 1997 the effective exchange rate of the pound sterling appreciated by 20%. What factors might explain this increase in the value of the pound? 5. Between 1995 and 1997 the effective exchange rate of the pound sterling appreciated by 20%. (a) What factors might explain this increase in the value of the pound? There are several reasons that contribute to the appreciation of the pound. INTEREST RATES Interest rates have a large effect in a world where financial capital can move freely between countries. If for example the UK interest rates are high relative to elsewhere this attracts inflows of money into the UK seeking to take advantage of the high interest rates. This "interest differential" boosts the demand for the currency and can cause its value to rise. ECONOMIC GROWTH Countries experiencing a rapid economic growth often find that their exchange rate is strengthening. Traders in the currency markets may take the rapid growth to be a sign of general economic growth and "mark up" the value of the currency as a result. Also economies with strong "export-led" growth may see their currency's rise in value. Japan is a good example of this in recent years. The Euro was weak during the first six months of its existence in part because the financial markets were worried about the slow growth of the European economy and the persistently high level of unemployment. INFLATION As with the UK, as there are low levels of inflation, this has meant that our goods have become cheaper and demand for our exports has increased. Foreigners have bought pounds to finance our goods. This has meant that the value of the pound has increased. However this is like a cobweb with many downsides such as a rise in inflation as exports are a component of aggregate demand. In the long run, those countries with higher than average inflation see their exchange rate fall. When inflation is high, a country becomes less competitive in international markets causing a fall in exports (a demand for a currency) and a rise in imports (a supply of currency overseas). A fall in the exchange rate may be needed to restore a country's competitiveness in overseas markets. THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS When we operate at a current account surplus i.e. when our exports>Imports, then foreigners will need pounds in order to finance the exports we sell them. They will buy pounds. This will result in the value of the pound to increase. Selling exports represents a demand for the domestic currency from foreign importers. When US consumers buy British Whisky they supply dollars and this is eventually translated into a demand for pounds.

Interracial Relations and Marriages Essay -- Race Racism Marriage Dive

Interracial Relations and Marriages Outline Thesis statement,: The United States has witnessed a considerable social and cultural desegregation of Black and Caucasian Americans. However, despite years of desegregation, racial and cultural differences still exist. I show these differences still exist in the institution of marriage. 1. Americans have been and are continually moving slowly away from segregation. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1960's Blacks have been allowed to move into mainly Caucasian neighborhoods. B. Integration on campuses is now more apparent then ever before. 1. Students cat together. 2. Students study together, C.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Black and Caucasian issues have converged. 11,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  notwithstanding these examples of desegregation, there are still signs, most clearly is apparent in the institution of marriage between Black and Caucasians. Ill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the major barrier.-, of interracial marriages lies in the family of the couples. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis, a Caucasian women, and Chuck, a Black man, were married in 1960. 1 .  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They have no prejudice about each other. 2@  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both have mixed group of friends. 3,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They had problems with family. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis mother had asked her why she could not marry her own kind. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This conflict finally caused the ties between mother and daughter to break. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mama, a Caucasian Jewish, married a Black. I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . None of her family members attended her wedding except her mother. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her father told her that he could not believe that she married a Black. Nevertheless, she survived her family disapproval. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An unlikely source of problems for interracial married couples comes from religion. A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of interracial married couples involved in Christian churches before marriage discontinue church membership and attendance after marriage. B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Couples search for churches that are like home. C. They are met with resistance from religious people who have been reported to have said that if their children married a Black person, they would kill them. D.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every couple has their own crisis, but for some, the church officials who are against divorce will turn around and recommend a separation.... because the couple are a Black and a Caucasian. V.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These churches need to face a growing phenomenon. 1. In the Old Testament, God strongly opposes intermarriage. a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...essed and eventually the only way to make changes involving segregation Children of interracial married couples learn tolerance within the family, which allows these children to ad their experiences to others, in one way or another. Works Cited Aunapu, Greg., et al., eds. " Intermarried ... With Children." Time. Fall 1993:64-68. Gilbereath, Edward. " How Our Children Surprise Us. " Christianity T d@a . 7 Mar. 1994:32-34. Herring. Roger D. " Development Biracial Ethnic Identity: A Review Of The Increasing Dilemma. " Journal Of Muliticul tral C)unseline & Development, 23.1 (Jan. 1995): 29-39. Kalniijin, Matthijis. " Trends in Black/White Intermarriage. " Social Forces. Sep. 1993: 119-147. Kantro@tz, Barbara. "Colorblind Love." Newsweek. 7 Mar 1988:40-42. Nfira, Harold. " Love In Black And White. " Christianitv Tod4y. 7 Mar. 1994: 18-20. Norman, Lynn. " Am I Black, White Or In Between. " Ebony. Aug. 1995: 108-110. Perkins, Mtaii. " Guess Who Is Confing To Church. " Christianity T d@a . 7 Mar. 1994: 30-32. Randolph, Laura B. " Black Women/White Man: What's Going On? " EboLny. Mar. 1989: 154-158. " Up for Separatism. " Economist. 21 Oct. 1995: 30.

Metaqualone

Methaqualone is sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general Central Nervous System depressant. This drug was mainly used in the 1960s and 1970s for the treatment of insomnia, and as a muscle relaxant. Methaqualone was first synthesized in India in 1951 by Lindra Kishore Kacker and Syed Hussain Zaheer. By 1965 it was the most commonly prescribed sedative in Britain. In 1972 it was the sixth bestselling sedative in the US, where it was legal under the brand name Quaalude. Methaqualone is a drug that helps the relief of tension, mental stress, and anxiety. Short Term Effects Short term effects include a reduction of mental activity, cardiac and respiratory depression, drowsiness, reduced heart rate, reduced respiration and increased sexual arousal. The abuse of this drug gives rise to a barbiturate-type dependence. Long Term Effects Liver damage can result from long term abuse of methaqualone or from ingestion of heavily adulterer methaqualone. The liver is responsible for metabolizing or processing drugs in the body, and impurities in the drug can cause irreversible damage to the organ. Methaqualone also affects muscle movement and coordination and can produce parethesia, a â€Å"pins and needles† sensation, commonly in the face and fingers. Large doses also cause a heightened pain threshold, and uncontrolled muscle twitching. Physically Addicting or Psychologically Addicting Methaqualone is highly addictive both physically and psychologically, and continuous moderate to heavy usage leads to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms. Death Associated with Drug Coma and death can result from using methaqualone. Ingestion of more than 800 mg of methaqualone in an adult and 150 mg in a child is considered toxic. The average lethal oral dose is 8-20 grams (100-200 mg/kg) and coma can occur after ingestion of 2. 4 grams. Methaqualone can also cause coma or death at lower levels if it is taken with another CNS depressant such as alcohol. Slang/Street Names of Drug Common street names for methaqualone are: Quaalude, Lude, Quat, Quad, Mandex, and Sopors. How the Drug is Taken Methaqualone can be injected, and also taken orally. It is manufactured in tablets or capsules. Methaqualone can also be found in brown, gray or black tacky powder. An average dose of methaqualone is about 3 grams but it also depends on the persons body height, weight, and the use of any other drug. Within 4-8 hours of taking the drug the user may experience slurred speech. Affects on Fetal Development Methaqualone passes through the breast milk in lactating women. Animal studies have shown the drug to cause birth defects when used during pregnancy. References http://www. streetdrugs. org. [email  protected] org. Copyright Publishers Group, 1996. Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse. http://www. well. com/user/woa/fsseda. htm

Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

A and P II Chapter 24 practice test 1. Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus? Answer: pharynx 2. The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is: Answer: ingestion 3. Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes: Answer: muscular inhibition and relaxation 4. Which of the following statements about peritonitis is false? Answer: It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa. 5. Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner? Answer: submucosa 6. Strong contractions of the ascending and transverse colon moving the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called: Answer: mass peristalsis 7. Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme? Answer: 1. parotid glands 2. sublingual glands 8. Which of the following is not a function of saliva? Answer: initial digestion of proteins 9. The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include: Answer: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular 10. Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the: Answer: bicuspids 11. The three phases of deglutition are: Answer: buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal 12. On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the: Answer: oropharynx and laryngopharynx 13. The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the: Answer: pharyngeal constrictor muscles 14. Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the: Answer: laryngopharynx 15. The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that: Answer: prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus 16. The contractions of the stomach are inhibited by: Answer: secretin 17. Which of the following is secreted by the stomach? Answer: gastrin 18. The division of the small intestine that contains the Brunner glands is the: Answer: duodenum 19. An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is: Answer: disaccharidase 20. Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the: Answer: cystic duct 21. The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is: Answer: cholecystokinin 22. The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the: Answer: taenia coli 23. The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa? Answer: lymphoid nodules 24. The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine are: Answer: biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K 25. Which of the following organic nutrients are not absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi? Answer: lipids 26. The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are: Answer: water, electrolytes, and vitamins 27. The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by: Answer: the stomach 28. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to: Answer: facilitate lipid digestion 29. The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by: Answer: facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms 30. When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the: Answer: higher concentration of solutes 31. An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the: Answer: larynx 32. Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation due to the presence of: Answer: pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets 33. The reason a completely dry food bolus cannot be swallowed is: Answer: friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective 34. Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach? Answer: A and B. a. fundus. b. body 35. The two factors that play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine are: Answer: stomach distension and gastrin release 36. The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for: Answer: increased total surface area for absorption 37. The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones: Answer: cholecystokinin and secretin 8. Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the: Answer: small intestine 39. The primary function(s) of the gastrointestinal juice is (are) to: Answer: all of the above. a. moisten the chyme. b. assist in buffering acids. c. dissolve digestive enzymes and products of digestion 40. An immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peri staltic activity in all segments of the small intestine are a result of the: Answer: gastroenteric reflex 41. The primary effect of secretin is to cause a(n): Answer: increase in secretion of water and buffers by the pancreas and the liver 42. The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is: Answer: GIP 43. How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum? Answer: The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior. 44. The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the: Answer: ileocecal valve 45. Which produces the least number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis? Answer: large intestine 46. The average composition of the fecal waste material is: Answer: 75% water; 5% bacteria; 20% indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains 47. The hormone gastrin: Answer: increases the activity of parietal and chief cells 48. The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are: Answer: stretch receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic system 49. The ‘doorway to the liver' (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the: Answer: bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery 50. Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a: Answer: chylomicron End of chapter Questions 1. The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called: †¢ (d)chemical digestion. 2. The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the: †¢(a)serosa. 3. Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the organs of the peritoneal cavity are the: †¢ (d)mesenteries. 4. A branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and tributary of the bile duct form †¢ (c)a portal area. 5. Label the digestive system structures in the following figure. a) oral cavity, teeth, tongue; (b) liver; (c) gallbladder; (d) pancreas; (e) large intestine; (f) salivary glands; (g) pharynx; (h) esophagus; (i) stomach; (j) small intestine; (k) anus 6. Label the four layers of the digestive tract in the following figure. (a) mucosa; (b) submucosa; (c) muscularis externa; (d) serosa 7. Most of the digestive tract is lined by ___________ epithelium. e. simple columnar. 8. Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive material are called: (a. )segmentation. 9. Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of: (a. )cholecystokinin. 10. Label the three segments of the small intestine in the following figure. (a) duodenum; (b) jejunum; (c) ileum. 11. The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are): (a. )reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. (b. )absorption of vitamins liberated by bacterial action. (c. )storage of fecal material prior to defecation. (d. )a, b, and c. 12. Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are: (c)vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid. 13. The final enzymatic steps in the digestive process are accomplished by: (a. ) brush border enzymes of the microvilli. 14. What are the six steps of digestion? Digestion involves (1. ) ingestion; (2. ) mechanical processing; (3. ) secretion; (4. ) digestion (conversion into a form usable by cells); (5. ) absorption; and (6. ) excretion. 15. Name and describe the layers of the digestive tract, proceeding from the innermost layer to the outermost layer. Layers of the digestive tract are (1. ) the mucosa: the epithelial layer that performs chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients; (2. the submucosa: the connective tissue layer containing lymphatic and blood vessels and the submucosal nerve plexus; (3. ) the muscularis externa: the smooth muscle layer containing the myenteric nerve plexus; and (4. ) the serosa: the outermost layer, epithelium and connective tissue that forms the visceral peritoneum (or connective tissue that forms the adventitia). 16. What three basic mechanisms reg ulate the activities of the digestive tract? Activities of the digestive tract are regulated by neural, hormonal, and local mechanisms. 17. What are the three phases of swallowing, and how are they controlled? The three phases of swallowing—the buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases—are controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata via the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves. The motor commands originating at the swallowing center are distributed by cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. Along the esophagus, primary peristaltic contractions are coordinated by afferent and efferent fibers within the glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves, but secondary peristaltic contractions occur in the absence of CNS instructions. 8. What are the primary digestive functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder? The pancreas provides digestive enzymes, plus bicarbonate ions that elevate the pH of the chyme. The liver produces bile and is also the primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which contains additional buffe rs and bile salts that facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. 19. Which hormones produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells effectively coordinate digestive functions? The hormones include the following: enterocrinin, which stimulates the submucosal glands of the duodenum; secretin, which stimulates the pancreas and liver to increase the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions; cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes an increase in the release of pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum, inhibits gastric activity, and appears to have CNS effects that reduce the sensation of hunger; gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which stimulates insulin release at pancreatic islets and the activity of the duodenal submucosal glands; vasoactive ntestinal peptide (VIP), which stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach; gastrin, which is secreted by G cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins; and, in small quantities, motilin, which stimulates intestinal contractions, villikinin, which promotes the movement of villi and associat ed lymph flow, and somatostatin, which inhibits gastric secretion. 20. What are the three primary functions of the large intestine? The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts the intestinal contents into feces, absorbs important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and stores fecal material prior to defecation. 21. What two positive feedback loops are involved in the defecation reflex? Positive feedback loops in the defecation reflex involve (1. ) stretch receptors in the rectal walls, which promote a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum, moving feces toward the anus; and (2. the sacral parasympathetic system, also activated by the stretch receptors, which stimulates peristalsis via motor commands distributed by the pelvic nerves. 22. During defecation, (a. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiate a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum. (b. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord. (e. )only a and b occur. 23. Increased parasy mpathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in: (e. )none of these. 24. A drop in pH below 4. 5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of (a)secretin. 5. Through which layers of a molar would an oral surgeon drill to perform a root canal (removal of the alveolar nerve in a severely damaged tooth)? A root canal involves drilling through the enamel and the dentin. 26. How is the epithelium of the stomach protected from digestion? The stomach is protected from digestion by mucous secretions of its epithelial lining and by neural and hormonal control over the times and rates of acid secretion. 27. How does each of the three phases of gastric secretion promote and facilitate gastric control? (1. ) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion egins with the sight or thought of food. Directed by the CNS, this phase prepares the stomach to receive food. (2. ) The gastric phase begins with the arrival of food in the stomach; this phase is initiated by distension of the stomach, an incre ase in the pH of the gastric contents, and the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. (3. ) The intestinal phase begins when chyme starts to enter the small intestine. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying and ensures that the secretory, digestive, and absorptive functions of the small intestine can proceed reasonably efficiently. 8. Nutritionists have found that after a heavy meal, the pH of blood increases slightly, especially in the veins that carry blood away from the stomach. What causes this â€Å"postenteric alkaline tide†? After a heavy meal, bicarbonate ions pass from the parietal cells of the stomach into the extracellular fluid, causing the pH of the extracellular fluid to rise. As the extracellular fluid exchanges ions with the blood, the blood pH also increases. 29. Some people with gallstones develop pancreatitis. How could this occur? If a gallstone is small enough, it can pass through the common bile duct and block the pancreatic duct. Enzymes from the pancreas then cannot reach the small intestine. As the enzymes accumulate, they irritate the duct and ultimately the exocrine pancreas, producing pancreatitis. 30. Harry is suffering from an obstruction in his colon. He notices that when he urinates, the color of his urine is much darker than normal, and he wonders if there is any relationship between the color of his urine and his intestinal obstruction. What would you tell him? The darker color of his urine is probably due to increased amounts of the pigment urobilin, which gives urine its normal yellow color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is formed in the large intestine by the action of intestinal bacteria on bile pigments. In an intestinal obstruction, the bile pigments cannot be eliminated by their normal route, so a larger-than-normal amount diffuses into the blood, where it is eliminated by the kidneys. 31. A condition known as lactose intolerance is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and diarrhea. The cause of the problem is an inability to digest the milk sugar, lactose. How would this cause the observed signs and symptoms? If an individual cannot digest lactose, this sugar passes into the large intestine in an undigested form. The presence of extra sugar in the chyme increases its osmolarity, so less water is reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can metabolize the lactose, and in the process they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. This gas overstretches the intestine, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The combination of more-fluid contents and increased peristalsis causes diarrhea. The overexpansion of the intestine by gas, which is directly related to increased gas production by the bacteria, causes the severe pain and abdominal cramping. 32. Recently, more people have turned to surgery to help them lose weight. One form of weight control surgery involves stapling a portion of the stomach shut, creating a smaller volume. How would such a surgery result in weight loss? The primary effect of such surgeries would be a reduction in the volume of food (and thus in the amount of calories) consumed because the person feels full after eating a small amount. This can result in significant weight loss. CheckPoints Page 882 1. Identify the organs of the digestive system. Organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). 2. List and define the six primary functions of the digestive system. The six primary functions of the digestive system include the following: (1) ingestion = consciously eating food; (2) mechanical processing = crushing and shearing foodstuffs to make them more susceptible to enzymatic attack; (3) digestion = the chemical breakdown of food into smaller products for absorption; (4) secretion = the release of water, acids, and other substances by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs; (5) absorption = movement of digested particles across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract; and (6) excretion = the removal of waste products from the body. . What is the importance of the mesenteries? The mesenteries—sheets consisting of two layers of serous membrane separated by loose connective tissue—support and stabilize the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and provide a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 4. Name the layers of the gastrointestinal t ract from superficial to deep. The layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from superficial to deep, are the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa (adjacent to the lumen). 5. Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another: peristalsis or segmentation? The waves of contractions that constitute peristalsis are more efficient in propelling intestinal contents than segmentation, which is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluids. 6. What effect would a drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract have on peristalsis? A drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation, which increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive tract, would slow peristalsis. Page 888 7. Name the structures associated with the oral cavity. Structures associated with the oral cavity include the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. 8. Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The oral cavity is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection against friction or abrasion by foodstuffs. 9. The digestion of which nutrient would be affected by damage to the parotid salivary glands? Damage to the parotid salivary glands, which secrete the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme salivary amylase, would interfere with the digestion of complex carbohydrates. 10. Which type of tooth is most useful for chopping off bits of relatively rigid foods? The incisors are the teeth best suited for chopping (or cutting or shearing) pieces of relatively rigid food, such as raw vegetables. 11. Where exactly in the human body is the fauces? The fauces is the dividing line between the oral cavity and the pharynx. 12. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx. The pharynx is an anatomical space that receives a food bolus or liquids and passes them to the esophagus as part of the swallowing process. 13. Identify the muscles associated with the pharynx. Muscles associated with the pharynx are pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles, and palatal muscles. Page 890 14. Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach. The structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach is the esophagus. 15. Compared to other segments of the digestive tract, what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? The muscularis externa of the esophagus is an unusual segment of the digestive tract because it (1) contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length of the esophagus and (2) is surrounded by an adventitia rather than a serosa. 6. What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes? When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes, swallowing (deglutition) is occurring. Page 897 17. Name the four major regions of the stomach. The four regions of the stomach are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. 18. Discuss the significance of the low pH in the stomach. The low pH of the stomach creates an acidic environment that kills most microbes ingested with food, denatures proteins and inactivates most enzymes in food, helps break down plant cell walls and meat connective tissue, and activates pepsin. 9. How does a large meal affect the pH of blood leaving the stomach? Large (especially protein-containing) meals stimulate increased stomach acid secretion. Because the hydrogen ions of stomach acid come from blood entering the stomach, blood leaving the stomach will have fewer hydrogen ions and thus a higher pH. This phenomenon is referred to as the alkaline tide. 20. When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerves that serve the stomach are sometimes cut in an attempt to provide relief. Why might this be an effective treatment? The vagus nerves contain parasympathetic motor fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not present in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion). Cutting the branches of the vagus nerves that supply the stomach would prevent this type of secretion from occurring and thereby reduce the likelihood of ulcer formation. Page 910 21. Name the three regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 22. How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients? The small intestine has several adaptations that increase its surface area and thus its absorptive capacity. The walls of the small intestine are thrown into folds, the plicae circulares. The tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms fingerlike projections, the villi. The cells that cover the villi have an exposed surface covered by small fingerlike projections, the microvilli. In addition, the small intestine has a very rich supply of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which transport the nutrients that are absorbed. 23. Does a high-fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin in the blood? A high-fat meal would raise the cholecystokinin level in the blood. 24. How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? The hormone secretin, among other things, stimulates the pancreas to release fluid high in buffers to neutralize the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. If the small intestine did not secrete secretin, the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal. 25. The digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas? Damage to the exocrine pancreas would most impair the digestion of fats (lipids), because it is the primary source of lipases. Even though such damage would also reduce carbohydrate and protein digestion, enzymes for digesting these nutrients are produced by other digestive system structures, including the salivary glands (carbohydrates), the small intestine (carbohydrates and proteins), and the stomach (proteins). Page 916 26. Identify the four regions of the colon. The four regions of the colon are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. 27. What are some major histological differences between the large intestine and the small intestine? The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but its relatively thin wall lacks villi and has an abundance of mucous cells and intestinal glands. 28. Differentiate between haustral churning and mass movements. In mass movements, which occur a few times per day throughout the transverse colon and the distal portions of the large intestine, strong peristaltic contractions move material along the length of the colon. In haustral churning, segmentation movements mix the contents of adjacent haustra. Page 921 29. What kinds of nutrients does the body require? Nutrients required by the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 30. What component of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? Because chylomicrons are formed from the fats digested in a meal, fats increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals. 31. The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired by the removal of the stomach? Removal of the stomach would interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12, a process that requires intrinsic factor, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 2. Why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but constipation is not? When an individual with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes faster than they can be replaced, the resulting dehydration can be fatal. Although constipation can be quite uncomfortable, it does not interfere with any life-supporting processes; the few toxic waste products normally eliminated by the digestive system can move into the blood and be eliminated by the kidneys. Page 922 33. Identify general digestive system changes that occur with aging. General age-related digestive system changes include decreased secretory mechanisms, decreased gastric and intestinal motility, decreased mitotic activity of epithelial cells, and loss of tone; cumulative damage becomes more apparent, cancer rates increase, and dehydration occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity. 34. Identify the functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems. The digestive system absorbs the organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water required by cells of all other body systems. 35. What body systems may be affected by inadequate calcium absorption? The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems may all be affected by inadequate absorption of calcium. Review Questions Labeling 1. Label the following histological structures of the digestive tract from the image of the small intestine section. 1. 1 myenteric plexus D. 1. 2 submucosal gland A. 1. 3mucosa B. 1. 4serosa (visceral peritoneum) E. 1. 5 submucosa F. 1. 6muscularis externa C. 2. match the terms with the appropriate regions and structures of the stomach. 2. 1 fundus D. 2. 2 oblique muscle layer overlying mucosa E. 2. 3circular muscle layer B. 2. 4cardia C. 2. rugae F. 2. 6pyloric sphincter A. 3. Correctly match the terms with the appropriate structures of the liver lobule. 3. 1 central vein B. 3. 2 hepatocytes A. 3. 3 bile duct F. 3. 4 bile canaliculi E. 3. 5sinusoid C. 3. 6Kupffer cells D. Matching 1. Put the following structures involved in bile transport in the proper order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine, by matc hing them (1) through (6): Bile canaliculi Bile ductules Right and left hepatic ducts Common hepatic ducts Cystic duct Common bile duct 2. Match the following cells and glands with their correct products: 2. Parietal cell HCl 2. 2Chief cell . Pepsinogen 2. 3G cells Gastrin 2. 4Intestinal glands Cholecystokinin 2. 5Brunner glands Urogastrone 3. Match the following substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: 3. 1 Proteins to short-chain polypeptides . Pepsin 3. 2Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids Exopeptidase 3. 3trypsinogen to trypsin Enterokinase 3. 4A disaccharide to monosaccharides . Lactase 4. Match the following intestinal hormones to their correct functions: 4. 1Gastrin . This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes. . 2Gastric inhibitory peptide . Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas. 4. 3Cholecystokinin This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. 4. 4 Enterocrinin . This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production. 5. Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: 5. 1Mastication of food . Teeth 5. 2Carries solid foods and liquids to the stomach . Esophagus . 3Bulk storage of ingested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor . Stomach 5. 4Digestion and absorption of nutrients . Small intestine 5. 5Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal matter . Large intestine 5. 6 Temporary storage of fecal matter . Rectum Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract? Answer: a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Excretion d. Absorption 2. From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is Answer: erosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa. 3. The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the Answer: myenteric plexus. 4. Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called Answer: peristalsis. 5. The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the Answer: greater omentum. 6. The lingual frenulum Answer: a. connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. b. is a thin fold of mucous membrane. c. may need to be cut if the condition of ankyloglossia exists. 7. Incisors are used for Answer: lipping or cutting. 8. The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded for Answer: to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus. 9. Which of the following is a function of the stomach? Answer: a. Mechanical breakdown of food b. Production of intrinsic factor 10. Chief cells secrete Answer: pepsinogen. 11. When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called Answer: rugae. 12. When you walk into a Mexican restaurant and smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? Answer: Cephalic phase 13. Peyer patches Answer: re lymphoid nodules located in the ileum. 14. The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the Answer: plicae circulares. 15. The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus. Answer: Brunner glands 16. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility Answer: along the entire length of the small intestine. 17. Sympathetic stimulation Answer: inhibits submucosal glands. 18. Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce Answer: a condition called cholelithiasis. 19. Pancreatic juice is Answer: alkaline. 20. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Answer: Immunologic regulation 21. Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the Answer: a)hepatic artery. b)hepatic portal vein. 22. Bile acts as a(n) Answer: emulsifier. 23. The defecation reflex Answer: a. involves long and short reflexes. b. involves two positive feedback loops. 24. The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria? Answer: a. Biotin b. Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid c. Vitamin K 25. Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by Answer: iffusion. True and False 1. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. Answer: True As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. 2. Cuspids are cutting or clipping teeth. Answer: False Incisors are cutting or clipping teeth. 3. A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach trigge rs the release of CCK. Answer: False CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of fatty acids and triglycerides. 4. The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli. Answer: True Expansion and elongation of the colon is accomplished by haustra; how do the haustra expand and elongate? 5. The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space. Answer: False The gingival space is between the gum and the tooth. Fill In the Blank 1. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, while in most areas of the small intestine ___ segmentation _______ movements churn and fragment digestive materials. 2. Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic ____ acini ______. 3. ___ Peptidases _______ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids. 4. The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __ plicae ________. 5. The glycoprotein __ intrinsic factor ________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. Multiple Choice 2 1. The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the Answer: ubmucosa. 2. Each of the following products of digestion is taken up by capillaries in the small intestine except one. Identify the exception. Answer: Chylomicrons 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the teeth? Answers: Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of spongy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness. A layer of a material called ce mentum covers the dentin of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament. 4. Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? Answer: Parotid glands . Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and used for tearing and slashing? Answer: Cuspids or canines 6. During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition Answer: the larynx elevates and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx. 7. Which of the following statements is false concerning aging and the digestive system? Answer: Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the body's inability to effectively rid itself of water. 8. Which of the following is not a pancreatic enzyme? Answer: Pepsinogen 9. Which of the following statements is false regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver? Answer: Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile. 10. Of the 1,500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed? Answer: 1,200 mL 11. During the defecation reflex Answer: parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. 12. Each of the following is a brush border enzyme except one. Identify the exception. Answer: Amylase 13. Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called Answer: micelles. 4. Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? Answer: Ileum Peyer patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum. 15. Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss? Answer: Jejunum The jejunum is responsible for the majority of chemical digest ion and nutrient absorption. Section 2: Concept Review Now let's see what you have learned about Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and two possible answers. Then I will pause while you consider the choices and select your answer. After a few seconds, I will give you the correct answer with an explanation. Question 1 Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion? Is it A) mechanical or B) chemical? The answer is B) chemical. Mechanical digestion involves mixing, churning, and chewing. Question 2 What do we call movement of food without direction in the digestive tract? Is it A) peristalsis or B) segmentation? The answer is B) segmentation. Peristalsis is the movement of food forward through the digestive tract. Question 3 Where does major absorption of food substances occur? Is it in A) the stomach or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Almost all absorption occurs in the small intestine. Question 4 Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates? Is it A) amylase or B) peptidase? The answer is A) amylase. Peptidase breaks down proteins. Question 5 Which side of the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen? Is it A) apical or B) basal? The answer is A) apical. The basal surface fuses the cells to the deep tissues. Question 6 What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids? Is it A) chylomicrons or B) micelles? The answer is B) micelles. Chylomicrons are cholesterol-fat complexes that have a protein coating. Question 7 Which portion of the small intestine serves as a mixing bowl for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach? Is it A) the duodenum or B) the ileum? The answer is A) the duodenum. As the food enters the small intestines, enzymes, buffers, and bile also enter at the duodenum Question 8 In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed? Is it A) the colon or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Up to ninety-five percent of the water entering the digestive tract is absorbed here. That's the end of this section. Section 3: Rapid Review Now we will do a quick set of review questions on Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and then only a couple of seconds to give your answer. After a brief pause, I will give you the correct answer. Let's start with some true or false questions. Question 1 True or false? Bile is produced by the gallbladder. Answer: False Question 2 True or False? Once food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme. Answer: True Question 3 A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein. Answer: False Okay, now let's try some multiple choice questions. Question 4 Which substance is absorbed through the intestinal lining? Is it A) monosaccharides or B) nucleic acids? Answer: A) monosaccharides Question 5 What is the term for breaking down lipids? Is it A) lipogenesis or B) emulsification? Answer: B) emulsification Great! Now let's try some short answer questions. Question 6 Which accessory organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones? Answer: The pancreas Question 7 Most of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine? Answer: The ileum Question 8 Where does the process of chemical digestion start? Answer: In the mouth That's the end of this section.